There's more data than ever being generated about individuals. From Facebook to Gmail (your data is mined), store purchases to computer cookies, companies and the government are awash in data on human social and economic behavior.
Many companies hire statisicians/marketing psychologists to look for patterns and develop marketing plans. Add a dollop of psychology and you're ready to go.
Here are some recommended resources just to get started:
How Companies Learn Your Secrets (New York Times article)
Simply Map Database
Alkek Library Database with 1000s of metrics that enables pro-grade marketing research. Costs thousands in real life, so use it at the library now!
Simply Map Tutorial
Where to start? Get familiar with the different social and economic stats that are being collected.
Marketing Research Books